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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Latin script</span></span>
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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Latin script originally used by the ancient Romans to write Latin, see <a href="Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>.</div>
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</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:lightblue;">Latin<br><div style="font-weight:normal">Roman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> <a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabet</a>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Period</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 700 BC</span> – present</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Left-to-right <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">List of Latin-script alphabets</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Related scripts</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="padding-top:0.15em;"><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a><ul><li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li><a href="Old_Italic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Old Italic script</a><ul style="margin-left:0.8em;"><li>Latin</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Child systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">
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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Fraser_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraser alphabet">Fraser alphabet</a> (<a href="Lisu_language" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a>)</li><li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage script</a></li><li>(partially) several <a href="Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic alphabets</a>, such as <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>, which have been used to write languages with no native script</li><li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret alphabet</a></li><li>(partially) <a href="Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Pollard script</a> (Miao)</li><li>(partially) <a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Caroline Island script (Woleaian)</a></li><li>(indirectly) <a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a></li><li>(indirectly, partially) <a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun script</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Sister systems</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic script</a></li><li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a></li><li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian alphabet</a></li><li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian script</a></li><li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic alphabet</a></li><li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">
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</style><span class="monospaced">Latn</span> <span class="monospaced">(215)</span>, Latin</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Unicode alias</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Latin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="Unicode_range" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicode range">Unicode range</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Latin characters in Unicode</a></td></tr><tr></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The <b>Latin script</b>, also known as the <b>Roman script</b>, is a <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> based on the letters of the <a href="Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">classical Latin alphabet</a>, derived from a form of the <a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a> which was in use in the ancient Greek city of <a href="Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> in <a href="Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>. The Greek alphabet was altered by the <a href="Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, and subsequently their alphabet was altered by the <a href="Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a>. Several <a href="Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabets</a> exist, which differ in graphemes, collation and phonetic values from the classical Latin alphabet.
</p><p>The Latin script is the basis of the <a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA), and the 26 most widespread letters are the letters contained in the <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a>, which are the same letters as the <a href="English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>.
</p><p>Latin script is the basis for the largest number of alphabets of any writing system<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the <a href="List_of_writing_systems_by_adoption" class="mw-redirect" title="List of writing systems by adoption">most widely adopted writing system</a> in the world. Latin script is used as the standard method of writing the languages of Western and Central Europe, most of sub-Saharan Africa, the Americas, and Oceania, as well as many languages in other parts of the world.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div>
<p>The script is either called Latin script or Roman script, in reference to its origin in <a href="Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> (though some of the capital letters are Greek in origin). In the context of <a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliteration</a>, the term "<a href="Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a>" (<a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>: "romanisation") is often found.<sup id="cite_ref-bsigroup_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsigroup-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcgn_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcgn-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> uses the term "Latin"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as does the <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO).<sup id="cite_ref-iso_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iso-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The numeral system is called the Roman numeral system, and the collection of the elements is known as the <a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a>. The numbers 1, 2, 3 ... are Latin/Roman script numbers for the <a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a>.
</p>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div>
<table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; table-layout:fixed">
<tbody><tr>
<th><a href="Upper_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper case">Uppercase</a> Latin alphabet
</th>
<td><a href="A" title="A">A</a></td>
<td><a href="B" title="B">B</a></td>
<td><a href="C" title="C">C</a></td>
<td><a href="D" title="D">D</a></td>
<td><a href="E" title="E">E</a></td>
<td><a href="F" title="F">F</a></td>
<td><a href="G" title="G">G</a></td>
<td><a href="H" title="H">H</a></td>
<td><a href="I" title="I">I</a></td>
<td><a href="J" title="J">J</a></td>
<td><a href="K" title="K">K</a></td>
<td><a href="L" title="L">L</a></td>
<td><a href="M" title="M">M</a></td>
<td><a href="N" title="N">N</a></td>
<td><a href="O" title="O">O</a></td>
<td><a href="P" title="P">P</a></td>
<td><a href="Q" title="Q">Q</a></td>
<td><a href="R" title="R">R</a></td>
<td><a href="S" title="S">S</a></td>
<td><a href="T" title="T">T</a></td>
<td><a href="U" title="U">U</a></td>
<td><a href="V" title="V">V</a></td>
<td><a href="W" title="W">W</a></td>
<td><a href="X" title="X">X</a></td>
<td><a href="Y" title="Y">Y</a></td>
<td><a href="Z" title="Z">Z</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th><a href="Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">Lowercase</a> Latin alphabet
</th>
<td>a</td>
<td>b</td>
<td>c</td>
<td>d</td>
<td>e</td>
<td>f</td>
<td>g</td>
<td>h</td>
<td>i</td>
<td>j</td>
<td>k</td>
<td>l</td>
<td>m</td>
<td>n</td>
<td>o</td>
<td>p</td>
<td>q</td>
<td>r</td>
<td>s</td>
<td>t</td>
<td>u</td>
<td>v</td>
<td>w</td>
<td>x</td>
<td>y</td>
<td>z
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. <a href="W" title="W">W</a> originated as a doubled <a href="V" title="V">V</a> (VV) used to represent the Voiced labial–velar approximant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>/</span> found in <a href="Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the letter <a href="Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span>, which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded <i>u</i>; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule <i>v</i> was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final <a href="Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swash</a> form, <i>j</i>, came to be used for the consonant, with the unswashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (it had been rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century.
</p><p>By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> industries in the <a href="First_World" title="First World">First World</a> that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (<a href="ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published <i>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</i>, better known as <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which included in the <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a> the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the <a href="English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example <a href="ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode Latin</a>), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spread">Spread</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></div>
<p>The Latin alphabet spread, along with <a href="Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, from the <a href="Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> to the lands surrounding the <a href="Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with the expansion of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The eastern half of the Empire, including Greece, Turkey, the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and Egypt, continued to use <a href="Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as a <a href="Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half, and as the western <a href="Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> evolved out of Latin, they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3></div>
<p>With the spread of <a href="Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> during the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Latin alphabet was gradually adopted by the peoples of <a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> who spoke <a href="Insular_Celtic_languages" title="Insular Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> (displacing the <a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a> alphabet) or <a href="Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> (displacing earlier <a href="Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabets</a>) or <a href="Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, as well as by the speakers of several <a href="Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, most notably <a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>.
</p><p>The Latin script also came into use for writing the <a href="West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a> and several <a href="South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>, as the people who spoke them adopted <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a>. The speakers of <a href="East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> generally adopted <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> along with <a href="Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a>. The <a href="Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian language</a> uses both scripts, with Cyrillic predominating in official communication and Latin elsewhere, as determined by the Law on Official Use of the Language and Alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-ombudsman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ombudsman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_16th_century">Since the 16th century</h3></div>
<p>As late as 1500, the Latin script was limited primarily to the languages spoken in <a href="Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a>, <a href="Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a>, and <a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> mostly used <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, and the Greek alphabet was in use by Greek speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> was widespread within Islam, both among <a href="Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and non-Arab nations like the <a href="Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, <a href="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, <a href="Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a>, and <a href="Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of <a href="Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic scripts</a> or the <a href="Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a>.
</p><p>Through <a href="European_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="European colonization">European colonization</a> the Latin script has spread to the <a href="Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, parts of Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, in forms based on the <a href="Spanish_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish alphabet">Spanish</a>, <a href="Portuguese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese alphabet">Portuguese</a>, <a href="English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English</a>, <a href="French_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="French alphabet">French</a>, <a href="German_alphabet" title="German alphabet">German</a> and <a href="Dutch_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch alphabet">Dutch</a> alphabets.
</p><p>It is used for many <a href="Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, including the <a href="Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a> and the <a href="Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> and <a href="Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian languages</a>, replacing earlier Arabic and indigenous Brahmic alphabets. Latin letters served as the basis for the forms of the <a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> developed by <a href="Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>; however, the sound values are completely different.
</p><p>Under Portuguese missionary influence, a Latin alphabet was devised for the <a href="Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese language</a>, which had previously used <a href="Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">Chinese characters</a>. Portuguese and other European missionaries, who arrived <a href="Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> on west coast of India in sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, introduced <a href="Konkani_in_the_Roman_script" title="Konkani in the Roman script">Roman script</a> for the <a href="Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani language</a>—an Indo-Aryan language.<sup id="cite_ref-f511_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f511-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Latin-based alphabet replaced the Chinese characters in administration in the 19th century with French rule.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_19th_century">Since the 19th century</h3></div>
<p>In the late 19th century, the <a href="Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> returned to the Latin alphabet, dropping the <a href="Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. <a href="Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is one of the <a href="Romance_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance language">Romance languages</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_20th_century">Since 20th century</h3></div>
<p>In 1928, as part of <a href="Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s reforms, the new <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> adopted a Latin alphabet for the <a href="Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, replacing a modified Arabic alphabet. Most of the <a href="Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking peoples of the former <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, including <a href="Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a>, <a href="Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>, <a href="Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and others, had their writing systems replaced by the Latin-based <a href="Uniform_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Turkic alphabet">Uniform Turkic alphabet</a> in the 1930s; but, in the 1940s, all were replaced by Cyrillic.
</p><p>After the <a href="Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, three of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics, <a href="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, as well as Romanian-speaking <a href="Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, officially adopted Latin alphabets for their languages. <a href="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a>-speaking <a href="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and the breakaway region of <a href="Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> kept the Cyrillic alphabet, chiefly due to their close ties with Russia.
</p><p>In the 1930s and 1940s, the majority of <a href="Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> replaced the Arabic script with two Latin alphabets. Although only the official <a href="Kurdistan_Regional_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Regional Government">Kurdish government</a> uses an Arabic alphabet for public documents, the Latin Kurdish alphabet remains widely used throughout the region by the majority of <a href="Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>-speakers.
</p><p>In 1957, the <a href="China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> introduced a script reform to the <a href="Standard_Zhuang" title="Standard Zhuang">Zhuang language</a>, changing its orthography from <a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a>, a writing system based on Chinese, to a Latin script alphabet that used a mixture of Latin, Cyrillic, and IPA letters to represent both the phonemes and tones of the Zhuang language, without the use of diacritics. In 1982 this was further standardised to use only Latin script letters.
</p><p>With the collapse of the <a href="Derg" title="Derg">Derg</a> and subsequent end of decades of <a href="Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> assimilation in 1991, various ethnic groups in <a href="Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> dropped the <a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez script</a>, which was deemed unsuitable for languages outside of the <a href="Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years the <a href="Kafa_language" title="Kafa language">Kafa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Sidama_language" title="Sidama language">Sidama</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Wolaitta_language" title="Wolaitta language">Wolaitta</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mekonnen_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mekonnen-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> languages switched to Latin while there is continued debate on whether to follow suit for the <a href="Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a> and <a href="Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div>
<p>On 15 September 1999 the authorities of <a href="Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>, Russia, passed a law to make the Latin script a co-official writing system alongside Cyrillic for the <a href="Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar language</a> by 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, however, the Russian government overruled the law and banned Latinization on its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In 2015, the <a href="Government_of_Kazakhstan" title="Government of Kazakhstan">government of Kazakhstan</a> announced that a <a href="Kazakh_alphabets#Latin_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Latin alphabet</a> would replace the <a href="Kazakh_alphabets#Cyrillic_script" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet</a> as the official writing system for the <a href="Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh language</a> by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also talks about switching from the Cyrillic script to Latin in Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mongolia, however, has since opted to revive the <a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian script</a> instead of switching to Latin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In October 2019, <a href="Inuit_Tapiriit_Kanatami" title="Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami">Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami</a> (ITK), the national organization for <a href="Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> in Canada announced that they will introduce a unified writing system for the <a href="Inuit_languages" title="Inuit languages">Inuit languages</a> in the country. The writing system is based on the Latin alphabet and is modeled after the one used in the <a href="Greenlandic_language" title="Greenlandic language">Greenlandic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>On 12 February 2021 the government of Uzbekistan announced it will finalize the transition from Cyrillic to Latin for the <a href="Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek language</a> by 2023. Plans to switch to Latin originally began in 1993 but subsequently stalled and Cyrillic remained in widespread use.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>At present the <a href="Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> uses both Cyrillic and Latin. The use of Latin was originally approved by Crimean Tatar representatives after the Soviet Union's collapse<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was never implemented by the regional government. After Russia's <a href="Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> of Crimea in 2014 the Latin script was dropped entirely. Nevertheless, Crimean Tatars outside of Crimea continue to use Latin and on 22 October 2021 the government of Ukraine approved a proposal endorsed by the <a href="Mejlis_of_the_Crimean_Tatar_People" title="Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People">Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People</a> to switch the Crimean Tatar language to Latin by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>In July 2020, 2.6 billion people (36% of the world population) use the Latin alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_standards">International standards</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a> and <a href="Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Latin script in Unicode</a></div>
<p>By the 1960s, it became apparent to the computer and <a href="Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> industries in the <a href="First_World" title="First World">First World</a> that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The <a href="International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) encapsulated the Latin alphabet in their (<a href="ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a>) standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage.
</p><p>As the United States held a preeminent position in both industries during the 1960s, the standard was based on the already published <i>American Standard Code for Information Interchange</i>, better known as <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, which included in the <a href="Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">character set</a> the 26 × 2 (uppercase and lowercase) letters of the <a href="English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a>. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example <a href="ISO/IEC_10646" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 10646">ISO/IEC 10646</a> (<a href="Latin_characters_in_Unicode" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin characters in Unicode">Unicode Latin</a>), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin alphabet with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_standards">National standards</h2></div>
<p>The DIN standard <a href="DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379</a> specifies a subset of Unicode letters, special characters, and sequences of letters and diacritic signs to allow the correct representation of names and to simplify data exchange in Europe. This specification supports all official languages of <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="European_Free_Trade_Association" title="European Free Trade Association">European Free Trade Association</a> countries (thus also the <a href="Greek_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek script">Greek</a> and <a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> scripts), plus the <a href="Germany#Languages" title="Germany">German minority languages</a>. To allow the transliteration of names in other writing systems to the Latin script according to the relevant ISO standards, all necessary combinations of base letters and diacritic signs are provided.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Efforts are being made to further develop it into a European <a href="European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a> standard.<sup id="cite_ref-stringlatin12_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stringlatin12-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_used_by_various_languages">As used by various languages</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Latin-script alphabet</a></div>
<p>In the course of its use, the Latin alphabet was adapted for use in new languages, sometimes representing <a href="Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> not found in languages that were already written with the Roman characters. To represent these new sounds, extensions were therefore created, be it by adding <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> to existing <a href="Letter_(alphabet)" title="Letter (alphabet)">letters</a>, by joining multiple letters together to make <a href="Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligatures</a>, by creating completely new forms, or by assigning a special function to pairs or triplets of letters. These new forms are given a place in the alphabet by defining an <a href="Collation" title="Collation">alphabetical order</a> or collation sequence, which can vary with the particular language.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letters">Letters</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">List of Latin-script letters</a>.</div>
<p>Some examples of new letters to the standard Latin alphabet are the <a href="Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic</a> letters <a href="Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƿ ƿ⟩</span> and <a href="Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">thorn</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Þ þ⟩</span>, and the letter <a href="Eth" title="Eth">eth</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ð/ð⟩</span>, which were added to the alphabet of <a href="Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a>. Another Irish letter, the <a href="Insular_G" title="Insular G">insular <i>g</i></a>, developed into <a href="Yogh" title="Yogh">yogh</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨Ȝ ȝ⟩</span>, used in <a href="Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>. Wynn was later replaced with the new letter <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span>, eth and thorn with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Pronunciation_of_English_th" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of English th">th</a>⟩</span>, and yogh with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">gh</a>⟩</span>. Although the four are no longer part of the English or Irish alphabets, eth and thorn are still used in the modern <a href="Icelandic_orthography" title="Icelandic orthography">Icelandic alphabet</a>, while eth is also used by the <a href="Faroese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Faroese alphabet">Faroese alphabet</a>.
</p><p>Some West, Central and <a href="Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern African</a> languages use a few additional letters that have sound values similar to those of their equivalents in the IPA. For example, <a href="Adangme_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adangme language">Adangme</a> uses the letters <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩</span>, and <a href="Ga_language" title="Ga language">Ga</a> uses <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɛ ɛ⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨Ŋ ŋ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɔ ɔ⟩</span>. <a href="Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a> uses <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɓ ɓ⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ɗ ɗ⟩</span> for <a href="Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨Ƙ ƙ⟩</span> for an <a href="Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a>. <a href="African_studies" title="African studies">Africanists</a> have standardized these into the <a href="African_reference_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="African reference alphabet">African reference alphabet</a>.
</p><p><a href="%C4%B0" title="İ">Dotted</a> and <a href="Dotless_I" title="Dotless I">dotless I</a> — <span class="nowrap">⟨İ i⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨I ı⟩</span> — are two forms of the letter I used by the <a href="Turkish_alphabet" title="Turkish alphabet">Turkish</a>, <a href="Azerbaijani_alphabet" title="Azerbaijani alphabet">Azerbaijani</a>, and <a href="Kazakh_alphabets" title="Kazakh alphabets">Kazakh</a> alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Azerbaijani language also has <span class="nowrap">⟨Ə ə⟩</span>, which represents the <a href="Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">near-open front unrounded vowel</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multigraphs">Multigraphs</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Latin-script multigraph</a></div>
<p>A <a href="Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraph</a> is a pair of letters used to write one sound or a combination of sounds that does not correspond to the written letters in sequence. Examples are <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">ng</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Rh_(digraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rh (digraph)">rh</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">sh</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Phi" title="Phi">ph</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Pronunciation_of_English_th" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronunciation of English th">th</a>⟩</span> in English, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">ij</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ee⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Ch_(digraph)#German" title="Ch (digraph)">ch</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ei⟩</span> in Dutch. In Dutch the <span class="nowrap">⟨ij⟩</span> is capitalized as <span class="nowrap">⟨IJ⟩</span> or the <a href="Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨IJ⟩</span>, but never as <span class="nowrap">⟨Ij⟩</span>, and it often takes the appearance of a ligature <span class="nowrap">⟨ij⟩</span> very similar to the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ÿ⟩</span> in <a href="Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>.
</p><p>A <a href="Trigraph_(orthography)" title="Trigraph (orthography)">trigraph</a> is made up of three letters, like the <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="Sch_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sch (trigraph)">sch</a>⟩</span>, the <a href="Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="C'h_(trigraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="C'h (trigraph)">c'h</a>⟩</span> or the <a href="Milanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Milanese">Milanese</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨oeu⟩</span>. In the <a href="Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographies</a> of some languages, digraphs and trigraphs are regarded as independent letters of the alphabet in their own right. The capitalization of digraphs and trigraphs is language-dependent, as only the first letter may be capitalized, or all component letters simultaneously (even for words written in title case, where letters after the digraph or trigraph are left in lowercase).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligatures">Ligatures</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">Ligature (typography)</a></div>
<p>A <a href="Ligature_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligature (typography)">ligature</a> is a fusion of two or more ordinary letters into a new <a href="Glyph" title="Glyph">glyph</a> or character. Examples are <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ</a> æ⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨AE⟩</span>, called <i>ash</i>), <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ</a> œ⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨OE⟩</span>, sometimes called <i>oethel</i> or <i>eðel</i>), the <a href="Abbreviation" title="Abbreviation">abbreviation</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%26" class="mw-redirect" title="&">&</a>⟩</span> (from <a href="Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">et</i>, <small><a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'and', called <i>ampersand</i>), and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%E1%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ẞ">ẞ</a> <a href="%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>⟩</span> (from <span class="nowrap">⟨ſʒ⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨ſs⟩</span>, the <a href="Long_s" title="Long s">archaic medial form of <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span></a>, followed by an <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C6%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʒ">ʒ</a>⟩</span> or <span class="nowrap">⟨s⟩</span>, called <i>sharp S</i> or <i>eszett</i>).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diacritics">Diacritics</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritic</a></div>
<p>A diacritic, in some cases also called an accent, is a small symbol that can appear above or below a letter, or in some other position, such as the <a href="Umlaut_(diacritic)" title="Umlaut (diacritic)">umlaut sign</a> used in the German characters <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> or the Romanian characters <a href="%C4%82" title="Ă">ă</a>, <a href="%C3%82" title="Â">â</a>, <a href="%C3%8E" title="Î">î</a>, <a href="S-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="S-comma">ș</a>, <a href="T-comma" class="mw-redirect" title="T-comma">ț</a>. Its main function is to change the phonetic value of the letter to which it is added, but it may also modify the pronunciation of a whole syllable or word, indicate the start of a new syllable, or distinguish between <a href="Homonym" title="Homonym">homographs</a> such as the <a href="Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> words <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/een" class="extiw external" title="wikt:een">een</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">
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</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa">[ən]</span>) meaning "a" or "an", and <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A9%C3%A9n" class="extiw external" title="wikt:één">één</a></i>, (<span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa">[e:n]</span>) meaning "one". As with the pronunciation of letters, the effect of diacritics is language-dependent.
</p><p>English is the only major modern <a href="Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European language</a> that requires no diacritics for its native vocabulary<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Historically, in formal writing, a <a href="Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> was sometimes used to indicate the start of a new syllable within a sequence of letters that could otherwise be misinterpreted as being a single vowel (e.g., "coöperative", "reëlect"), but modern writing styles either omit such marks or use a hyphen to indicate a syllable break (e.g. "co-operative", "re-elect"). <sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collation">Collation</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Collating_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Collating sequence">Collating sequence</a></div>
<p>Some modified letters, such as the symbols <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%85" title="Å">å</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, may be regarded as new individual letters in themselves, and assigned a specific place in the alphabet for <a href="Collation" title="Collation">collation</a> purposes, separate from that of the letter on which they are based, as is done in <a href="Swedish_alphabet" title="Swedish alphabet">Swedish</a>. In other cases, such as with <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%84" title="Ä">ä</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%96" title="Ö">ö</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> in German, this is not done; letter-diacritic combinations being identified with their base letter. The same applies to digraphs and trigraphs. Different diacritics may be treated differently in collation within a single language. For example, in Spanish, the character <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%91" title="Ñ">ñ</a>⟩</span> is considered a letter, and sorted between <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="N" title="N">n</a>⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="O" title="O">o</a>⟩</span> in dictionaries, but the accented vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%81" title="Á">á</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%89" title="É">é</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%8D" title="Í">í</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%93" title="Ó">ó</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%9A" title="Ú">ú</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="%C3%9C" title="Ü">ü</a>⟩</span> are not separated from the unaccented vowels <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="A" title="A">a</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="E" title="E">e</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="I" title="I">i</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="O" title="O">o</a>⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="U" title="U">u</a>⟩</span>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capitalization">Capitalization</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></div>
<p>The languages that use the Latin script today generally use <a href="Capital_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital letters">capital letters</a> to begin paragraphs and sentences and <a href="Noun#Proper_nouns_and_common_nouns" title="Noun">proper nouns</a>. The rules for <a href="Capitalization" title="Capitalization">capitalization</a> have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. <a href="Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalized; whereas <a href="Modern_English" title="Modern English">Modern English</a> of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalized, in the same way that Modern <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a> is written today, e.g. <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Alle Schwestern der alten Stadt hatten die Vögel gesehen</i>, <small><a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'All of the Sisters of the old City had seen the Birds'.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Romanization">Romanization</h2></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></div>
<p>Words from languages natively written with other <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">scripts</a>, such as <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">Arabic</a> or <a href="Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Chinese</a>, are usually <a href="Transliteration" title="Transliteration">transliterated</a> or <a href="Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcribed</a> when embedded in Latin-script text or in <a href="Multilingualism" title="Multilingualism">multilingual</a> international communication, a process termed <i>romanization</i>.
</p><p>Whilst the romanization of such languages is used mostly at unofficial levels, it has been especially prominent in computer messaging where only the limited seven-bit <a href="ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> code is available on older systems. However, with the introduction of <a href="Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>, romanization is now becoming less necessary. Keyboards used to enter such text may still restrict users to romanized text, as only ASCII or Latin-alphabet characters may be available.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets (computing)</a></li>
<li><a href="DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">European Latin Unicode subset (DIN 91379)</a></li>
<li><a href="H_with_left_hook" title="H with left hook">H with left hook</a></li>
<li><a href="Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Latin letters used in mathematics</a></li>
<li><a href="Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Latin omega</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In formal English writing, however, diacritics are often preserved on many loanwords, such as "café", "<a href="Naivety" title="Naivety">naïve</a>", "<a href="Fa%C3%A7ade" title="Façade">façade</a>", "<a href="Jalape%C3%B1o" title="Jalapeño">jalapeño</a>" or the German prefix "<a href="%C3%9Cber" title="Über">über</a>-".</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As an example, an article containing a <a href="Diaeresis_(diacritic)" title="Diaeresis (diacritic)">diaeresis</a> in "coöperate" and a <a href="Cedilla" title="Cedilla">cedilla</a> in "façade" as well as a <a href="Circumflex" title="Circumflex">circumflex</a> in the word "crêpe": <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Grafton, Anthony (23 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/10/23/061023crbo_books?currentPage=all">"Books: The Nutty Professors, The history of academic charisma"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha">
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>
<div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaarmann200496_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaarmann2004">Haarmann 2004</a>, p. 96.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-bsigroup-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bsigroup_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsigroup.com/en/DualSearch/?q=romanization">"Search results | BSI Group"</a>. Bsigroup.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-pcgn-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcgn_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcgn.org.uk/Romanisation_systems.htm">"Romanisation_systems"</a>. Pcgn.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627005821/http://pcgn.org.uk/Romanisation_systems.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-en.html">"ISO 15924 – Code List in English"</a>. Unicode.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526225316/http://www.unicode.org/iso15924/iso15924-en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-iso-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-iso_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/home/search.htm?qt=Latin&sort_by=rel&type=simple&published=on">"Search – ISO"</a>. International Organization for Standardization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513011039/http://www.iso.org/iso/home/search.htm?qt=Latin&sort_by=rel&type=simple&published=on">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Lahra (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00083968.2015.1067017?journalCode=rcas20">"Review of <i>Making Citizens in Africa: Ethnicity, Gender, and National Identity in Ethiopia</i>"</a></span>. <i>African Studies</i>. <b>125</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">542–</span>544. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00083968.2015.1067017">10.1080/00083968.2015.1067017</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148544393">148544393</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116213420/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00083968.2015.1067017?journalCode=rcas20">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2021</span> – via Taylor & Francis.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPütz1997" class="citation book cs1">Pütz, Martin (1997). <i>Language Choices: Conditions, constraints, and consequences</i>. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 216. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789027275844</bdi>.</cite></span>
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</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>
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<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFHaarmann2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Haarmann, Harald (2004). <i>Geschichte der Schrift</i> [<i>History of Writing</i>] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-406-47998-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>
<ul><li>Boyle, Leonard E. 1976. "Optimist and recensionist: 'Common errors' or 'common variations.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" In <i>Latin script and letters A.D. 400–900: Festschrift presented to Ludwig Bieler on the occasion of his 70th birthday.</i> Edited by John J. O'Meara and Bernd Naumann, 264–74. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.</li>
<li>Morison, Stanley. 1972. <i>Politics and script: Aspects of authority and freedom in the development of Graeco-Latin script from the sixth century B.C. to the twentieth century A.D.</i> Oxford: Clarendon.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Latin_alphabet" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a></span>.</div></div>
</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/collation/">Unicode collation chart</a>—Latin letters sorted by shape</li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diacritics.typo.cz/">Diacritics Project – All you need to design a font with correct accents</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181023081610/http://diacritics.typo.cz/">Archived</a> 23 October 2018 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script492" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
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/* end https://en.wikipedia.org/ */
</style><div id="Latin_script492" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="History_of_the_Latin_script" title="History of the Latin script">History</a></li>
<li><a href="Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li>
<li><a href="Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li>
<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li>
<li><a href="Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li>
<li>Phonetic alphabets
<ul><li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="A" title="A">Aa</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="B" title="B">Bb</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="C" title="C">Cc</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="D" title="D">Dd</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="E" title="E">Ee</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="F" title="F">Ff</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="G" title="G">Gg</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="H" title="H">Hh</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="I" title="I">Ii</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="J" title="J">Jj</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="K" title="K">Kk</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="L" title="L">Ll</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="M" title="M">Mm
</a><p><a href="M" title="M"></a>
</p>
</span></td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="N" title="N">Nn</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="O" title="O">Oo</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="P" title="P">Pp</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="R" title="R">Rr</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="S" title="S">Ss</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="T" title="T">Tt</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="U" title="U">Uu</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="V" title="V">Vv</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="W" title="W">Ww</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="X" title="X">Xx</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Z" title="Z">Zz
</a><p><a href="Z" title="Z"></a>
</p>
</span></td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Additional Latin letters</div>
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C3%86" title="Æ">Æ æ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_alpha" title="Latin alpha">Ɑ ɑ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Turned_v" title="Turned v">Ʌ ʌ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_beta" title="Latin beta">Ꞵ ꞵ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Eth" title="Eth">Ð ð</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_epsilon" title="Latin epsilon">Ɛ ɛ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%8F" title="Ə">Ə ə</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%8E" title="Ǝ">Ǝ ə</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_gamma" title="Latin gamma">Ɣ ɣ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Gha" title="Gha">Ƣ ƣ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_iota" title="Latin iota">Ɩ ɩ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Turned_h" title="Turned h">Ɥ ɥ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Lambda_(Latin_letter)" title="Lambda (Latin letter)"> </a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)">Ŋ ŋ
</a><p><a href="Eng_(letter)" title="Eng (letter)"></a>
</p>
</span></td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C5%92" title="Œ">Œ œ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Open_O" title="Open O">Ɔ ɔ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C9%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ɤ"> ɤ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Kra_(letter)" title="Kra (letter)">Kʼ ĸ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ʀ">Ʀ ʀ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C3%9F" title="ß">ẞ ß</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Esh_(letter)" title="Esh (letter)">Ʃ ʃ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%9C" title="Ɯ">Ɯ ɯ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%B1" title="Ʊ">Ʊ ʊ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_omega" title="Latin omega">Ꞷ ꞷ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%B2" title="Ʋ">Ʋ ʋ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Wynn" title="Wynn">Ƿ ƿ
</a><p><a href="Wynn" title="Wynn"></a>
</p>
</span></td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Yogh" title="Yogh">Ȝ ȝ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Latin_theta" title="Latin theta">ϴ θ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Ezh" title="Ezh">Ʒ ʒ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C6%B8" title="Ƹ">Ƹ ƹ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)">Þ þ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Ou_(ligature)" title="Ou (ligature)">Ȣ ȣ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Chi_(letter)" title="Chi (letter)">Ꭓ ꭓ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Glottal_stop_(letter)" title="Glottal stop (letter)">Ɂ ʔ ɂ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%95" class="mw-redirect" title="ʕ">ʕ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C7%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C7%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%C7%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%BBOkina" title="ʻOkina">ʻ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CB%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ˀ">ˀ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Modifier_letter_apostrophe" title="Modifier letter apostrophe">ʼ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Saltillo_(linguistics)" title="Saltillo (linguistics)">Ꞌ ꞌ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴬ">ᴬ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴮ">ᴮ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%EA%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ꟲ">ꟲ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴰ">ᴰ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴱ">ᴱ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%EA%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ꟳ">ꟳ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴳ">ᴳ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴴ">ᴴ</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴵ">ᴵ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴶ">ᴶ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴷ">ᴷ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴸ">ᴸ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ᴹ">ᴹ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵃ">ᵃ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵉ">ᵉ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵋ">ᵋ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ʰ">ʰ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E2%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁱ">ⁱ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B6%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶤ">ᶤ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E2%81%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ⁿ">ⁿ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵒ">ᵒ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵓ">ᵓ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵘ">ᵘ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B6%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶶ">ᶶ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B5%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ᵛ">ᵛ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ">ʷ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%CA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ʸ">ʸ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶻ">ᶻ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E1%B6%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="ᶿ">ᶿ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%EA%9C%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜣ">Ꜣ ꜣ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%EA%9C%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꜥ">Ꜥ ꜥ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="3_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="3 (letter)">3</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Tresillo_(letter)" title="Tresillo (letter)">Ꜫ ꜫ</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="Cuatrillo" title="Cuatrillo">Ꜭ ꜭ</a></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="7_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="7 (letter)">7</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="%E2%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="⁷">⁷</a></span>
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td>
<td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;">
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li>
<li><a href="Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li>
<li><a href="D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li>
<li><a href="Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li>
<li><a href="IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li>
<li><a href="Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li>
<li><a href="Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li>
<li><a href="Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li>
<li><a href="Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li>
<li><a href="Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li>
<li><a href="Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li>
<li><a href="Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li>
<li><a href="Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li>
<li><a href="Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li>
<li><a href="Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li>
<li><a href="QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li>
<li><a href="AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li>
<li><a href="Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li>
<li><a href="Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li>
<li><a href="B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li>
<li><a href="Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li>
<li><a href="Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li>
<li><a href="DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li>
<li><a href="Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics%2C_science%2C_and_engineering" title="Latin letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering">Letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><a href="Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li>
<li><a href="Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types_of_writing_systems56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li>
<li><a href="Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a>
<ul><li><a href="Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Languages by writing system / <a href="List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types56" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul>
<ul><li><a href="Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li>
<li><a href="Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li>
<li><a href="Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a>
<ul><li><a href="Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li>
<li><a href="Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li>
<li><a href="Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li>
<li><a href="Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>
<li><a href="Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li>
<li><a href="Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li>
<li><a href="Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li>
<li><a href="Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li>
<li><a href="Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a>
<ul><li><a href="Book_Pahlavi" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li>
<li><a href="Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li>
<li><a href="Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li>
<li><a href="Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li>
<li><a href="Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>
<ul><li><a href="Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li>
<li><a href="Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li>
<li><a href="Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li>
<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li>
<li><a href="Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li>
<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a>
<ul><li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li>
<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li>
<li><a href="Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li>
<li><a href="Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li>
<li><a href="Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li>
<li><a href="Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li>
<li><a href="Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li>
<li><a href="Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li>
<li><a href="Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li>
<li><a href="Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li>
<li><a href="Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li>
<li><a href="Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li>
<li><a href="Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li>
<li><a href="Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li>
<li><a href="La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li>
<li><a href="Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li>
<li><a href="Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li>
<li><a href="Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li>
<li><a href="Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li>
<li><a href="Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li>
<li><a href="Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li>
<li><a href="N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li>
<li><a href="Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li>
<li><a href="Newari_scripts" title="Newari scripts">Nepalese scripts</a>
<ul><li><a href="Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li>
<li>Golmol</li>
<li>Himmol</li>
<li>Kummol</li>
<li>Kvemmol</li>
<li>Pachumol</li>
<li><a href="Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li>
<li><a href="Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li>
<li><a href="Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li>
<li><a href="Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li>
<li><a href="Nepalese_scripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li>
<li><a href="Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li>
<li><a href="Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li>
<li><a href="Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li>
<li><a href="Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li>
<li><a href="Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li>
<li><a href="Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li>
<li><a href="Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li>
<li><a href="Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li>
<li><a href="Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li>
<li><a href="Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li>
<li><a href="Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li>
<li><a href="Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li>
<li><a href="Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li>
<li><a href="Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li>
<li><a href="Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li>
<li><a href="Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li>
<li><a href="Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li>
<li><a href="Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li>
<li><a href="Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li>
<li><a href="Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li>
<li><a href="Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li>
<li><a href="Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li>
<li><a href="Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li>
<li><a href="S'gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li>
<li><a href="Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li>
<li><a href="Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a>
<ul><li><a href="Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li>
<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li>
<li><a href="Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li>
<li><a href="Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li>
<li><a href="Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li>
<li><a href="Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>
<ul><li><a href="Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li>
<li><a href="Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li>
<li><a href="Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li>
<li><a href="Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li>
<li><a href="Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li>
<li><a href="Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li>
<li><a href="Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li>
<li><a href="Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li>
<li><a href="Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li>
<li><a href="Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li>
<li><a href="Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>
<ul><li><a href="Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li>
<li><a href="Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li>
<li><a href="New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li>
<li><a href="Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li>
<li><a href="Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li>
<li><a href="Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li>
<li><a href="Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li>
<li><a href="Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li>
<li><a href="Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li>
<li><a href="Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li>
<li><a href="Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li>
<li><a href="Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li>
<li><a href="Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a>
<ul><li><a href="Incung_script" title="Incung script">Incung</a></li>
<li><a href="Lampung_script" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li>
<li><a href="Lembak_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lembak script">Lembak</a></li>
<li><a href="Ogan_script" title="Ogan script">Ogan</a></li>
<li><a href="Pasemah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasemah script">Pasemah</a></li>
<li><a href="Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang</a></li>
<li><a href="Serawai_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Serawai script">Serawai</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a>
<ul><li><a href="Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li>
<li><a href="Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li>
<li><a href="Boyd's_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a>
<ul><li><a href="Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li>
<li><a href="Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li>
<li><a href="Fox_language#Fox_I" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li>
<li><a href="Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li>
<li><a href="Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li>
<li><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li>
<li><a href="Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li>
<li><a href="Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li>
<li><a href="Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li>
<li><a href="Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li>
<li><a href="Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li>
<li><a href="Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li>
<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>
<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>
<li><a href="Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li>
<li><a href="Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li>
<li><a href="Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>
<li><a href="Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li>
<li><a href="Rma_script" title="Rma script">Rma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li>
<li><a href="Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li>
<li><a href="Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li>
<li><a href="Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a>
<ul><li><a href="Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li>
<li><a href="Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li>
<li><a href="Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li>
<li><a href="Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li>
<li><a href="Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li>
<li><a href="Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li>
<li><a href="Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li>
<li><a href="Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Serbian_Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Cyrillic">Serbian</a></li>
<li><a href="Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li>
<li><a href="Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a>
<ul><li><a href="Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li>
<li><a href="Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li>
<li><a href="Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li>
<li><a href="George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li>
<li><a href="Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li>
<li><a href="Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li>
<li><a href="Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li>
<li><a href="Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li>
<li><a href="Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li>
<li><a href="Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li>
<li><a href="Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li>
<li><a href="Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li>
<li><a href="Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li>
<li><a href="Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li>
<li><a href="Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaddare_script" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li>
<li><a href="Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li>
<li><a href="Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li>
<li><a href="Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li>
<li><a href="Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li>
<li><a href="Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li>
<li><a href="Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li>
<li><a href="Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li>
<li><a href="International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li>
<li><a href="Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li>
<li><a href="Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li>
<li><a href="Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li>
<li><a href="S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li>
<li><a href="Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li>
<li><a href="Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li>
<li><a href="Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li>
<li><a href="Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li>
<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>
<li><a href="Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li>
<li><a href="Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li>
<li><a href="Mru_script" title="Mru script">Mru</a></li>
<li><a href="Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li>
<li><a href="N'Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li>
<li><a href="Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li>
<li><a href="Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a>
<ul><li><a href="Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li>
<li><a href="Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li>
<li><a href="Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li>
<li><a href="Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li>
<li><a href="Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li>
<li><a href="Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li>
<li><a href="Osmanya_script" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li>
<li><a href="Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li>
<li><a href="Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li>
<li><a href="Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li>
<li><a href="Runes" title="Runes">Runic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li>
<li><a href="Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li>
<li><a href="Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li>
<li><a href="Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li>
<li><a href="Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li>
<li><a href="Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li>
<li><a href="Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li>
<li><a href="Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li>
<li><a href="Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li>
<li><a href="Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li>
<li><a href="Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li>
<li><a href="Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li>
<li><a href="Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li>
<li><a href="Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li>
<li><a href="Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li>
<li><a href="Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li>
<li><a href="Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li>
<li><a href="Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li>
<li><a href="Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li>
<li><a href="Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li>
<li><a href="Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li>
<li><a href="International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li>
<li><a href="Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li>
<li><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li>
<li><a href="Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li>
<li><a href="Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li>
<li><a href="Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li>
<li><a href="Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li>
<li><a href="Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li>
<li><a href="Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li>
<li><a href="Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li>
<li><a href="Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li>
<li><a href="Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li>
<li><a href="Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li>
<li><a href="Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li>
<li><a href="New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li>
<li><a href="Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li>
<li><a href="Ojibwe_writing_systems#Anishinaabewibii'iganan" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Anishinaabewibii'iganan</a></li>
<li><a href="Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li>
<li><a href="Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li>
<li><a href="Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li>
<li><a href="Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li>
<li><a href="Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li>
<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li>
<li><a href="Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li>
<li><a href="Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li>
<li><a href="Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a>
<ul><li><a href="Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li>
<li><a href="Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li>
<li><a href="Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li>
<li><a href="Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li>
<li><a href="Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li>
<li><a href="Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li>
<li><a href="Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li>
<li><a href="Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li>
<li><a href="Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li>
<li><a href="Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li>
<li><a href="Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li>
<li><a href="Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li>
<li><a href="Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li>
<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li>
<li><a href="Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li>
<li><a href="Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li>
<li><a href="Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li>
<li><a href="Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li>
<li><a href="Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li>
<li><a href="Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li>
<li><a href="Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li>
<li><a href="Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li>
<li><a href="Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li>
<li><a href="Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li>
<li><a href="Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li>
<li><a href="Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li>
<li><a href="Iberian_scripts" title="Iberian scripts">Iberian</a>
<ul><li><a href="Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern</a></li>
<li><a href="Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li>
<li><a href="Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li>
<li><a href="Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li>
<li><a href="Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li>
<li><a href="Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li>
<li><a href="Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li>
<li><a href="History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li>
<li><a href="SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li>
<li><a href="Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li>
<li><a href="Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li>
<li><a href="Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li>
<li><a href="B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li>
<li><a href="Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li>
<li><a href="Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li>
<li><a href="Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li>
<li><a href="Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li>
<li><a href="Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li>
<li><a href="Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li>
<li><a href="Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li>
<li><a href="Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li>
<li><a href="Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li>
<li><a href="Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li>
<li><a href="Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li>
<li><a href="Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a>
<ul><li><a href="Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li>
<li><a href="Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li>
<li><a href="Man'y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li>
<li><a href="Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li>
<li><a href="S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li>
<li><a href="Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li>
<li><a href="Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li>
<li><a href="Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li>
<li><a href="Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li>
<li><a href="Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li>
<li><a href="Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li>
<li><a href="N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li>
<li><a href="Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li>
<li><a href="Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li>
<li><a href="Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li>
<li><a href="Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li>
<li><a href="Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li>
<li><a href="Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li>
<li><a href="Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑206" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">French-ordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br>i.e. <a href="Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ge'ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Blindness organizations</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap">Schools for the blind</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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